Democracy in the “Third World”: A Distinct Model or a Universal Aspiration?

In the ever-evolving landscape of global governance, the role of democracy in the “Third World” has been a subject of extensive scholarly debate. While democracy has been widely embraced as a system of governance, its application in the “Third World” has raised questions about its distinctiveness as a model. This op-ed aims to explore the nuances and complexities surrounding the notion of democracy in the “Third World” and whether it should be considered a distinct model.
The argument for a distinct model of democracy in the “Third World” rests on the unique socio-political contexts that characterize these nations. The legacies of colonialism, ethnic diversity, economic disparities, and weak institutions have significantly influenced the functioning of democratic systems. Scholars argue that the application of democracy in the “Third World” necessitates contextual adaptations to address these challenges. This may involve incorporating traditional governance structures, addressing socioeconomic inequalities, and accommodating diverse cultural norms within the democratic framework. Many “Third World” countries have exhibited hybrid democratic practices that blend democratic principles with elements of authoritarianism or traditional governance, reflecting a departure from the conventional Western democratic model.
Furthermore, the historical process of decolonization and the subsequent establishment of democratic systems in “Third World” countries have shaped unique democratic narratives and institutions. These experiences have been profoundly shaped by struggles for self-determination, national identity, and post-colonial challenges, which have resulted in distinct democratic trajectories.
However, the argument against considering democracy in the “Third World” as a distinct model rests on the universalist perspective. Proponents of this view argue that the fundamental principles of democracy, such as popular sovereignty, political pluralism, and civil liberties, are universally applicable and should not be categorized as distinct based on geographical location or economic development. Global institutions and agreements, like the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, advocate for global democratic standards that should be universally applied, regardless of a country’s level of development. Some scholars also contend that global trends indicate a progressive convergence towards democratic norms and institutions, suggesting that distinctions between “Third World” democracies and those in the developed world are diminishing as democratic practices and values diffuse across borders.
The narrative of Bangladesh’s democratic evolution exemplifies the complexities and nuances inherent in the “Third World” democratic experience. The country’s slow and painful transition from military rule to a norm of changing governments through ballots reflects the progress in democratic governance, yet it also reveals the challenges associated with governance and political stability. Bangladesh’s political landscape is characterized by internal turmoil, evolving national identities, personalized politics, weak institution-building, and a lack of political accountability. These complexities underscore the distinctive nature of democratic governance in Third World nations, extending beyond Bangladesh’s context.
In conclusion, the debate surrounding the distinctiveness of democracy in the “Third World” is multifaceted and ongoing. While the contextual adaptations and unique historical experiences may suggest a distinct model, the universalist perspective and trends towards democratic convergence underscore the interconnectedness of democratic principles across the world. As nations navigate their democratic trajectories, an approach that recognizes both commonalities and specificities is crucial for understanding and advancing democratic governance. Ultimately, the experiences of “Third World” democracies offer valuable insights into the broader discourse on democratic governance, highlighting the need for a nuanced and contextual understanding of this complex and evolving phenomenon.