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Diplomacy has expanded beyond physical borders to include the digital realm. Cyberdiplomacy—the intersection of diplomacy and cybersecurity—is now crucial for maintaining international peace and security. While countries like Estonia have risen as global leaders in cyberdiplomacy, positioning themselves at the forefront of international cybersecurity cooperation, Latin America still lags behind. However, the region has the potential to become a key player if it seizes the opportunity to invest in cyberdiplomatic strategies.
The Estonian model: A blueprint for Latin America?
Estonia, often referred to as the “digital republic,” has emerged as a pioneer in cybersecurity and cyberdiplomacy. After suffering a major cyberattack in 2007, the country transformed itself into a digital fortress. Estonia embraced a robust cybersecurity framework and became a champion of cyber norms on the international stage. It has played a key role in the establishment of the Tallinn Manual on the international law applicable to cyber warfare and hosts NATO’s Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE).
Latin America, by contrast, is still in the early stages of developing a cohesive approach to cybersecurity. The region is increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats, from ransomware attacks to data breaches, yet many countries have not adopted comprehensive cyberdefense strategies. While some progress has been made, especially in Brazil and Mexico, Latin America lacks the cohesive regional coordination that has made Estonia a success story.
Key Differences: Political will and strategic vision
One of the key factors that set Estonia apart is political will. Estonia understood early on that cybersecurity would be a cornerstone of its national security and economic strategy. The government invested heavily in digital infrastructure, e-governance, and cybersecurity education. As a result, Estonia now exports its digital governance expertise to countries around the world, positioning itself as a trusted global leader in cyber issues.
Latin American nations, on the other hand, have yet to fully recognize the strategic importance of cyberdiplomacy. Many governments in the region are focused on immediate economic or political challenges, which has delayed the development of long-term digital and cybersecurity strategies. Without a coordinated vision, Latin America risks falling behind not just in cybersecurity, but also in the broader digital economy.
The stakes for Latin America: Why Cyberdiplomacy matters
Latin America’s digital transformation is happening rapidly. From fintech to e-commerce, the region’s economic future is increasingly tied to the digital world. However, the absence of a strong cyberdiplomatic presence leaves the region exposed to the geopolitical ramifications of cyber threats. Cyberattacks don’t just disrupt businesses or steal data—they destabilize entire economies and erode public trust in institutions.
For instance, Costa Rica’s 2022 ransomware attack highlighted how vulnerable even the public sector is in Latin America.
In contrast, Estonia’s cyber resilience, backed by its cyberdiplomatic initiatives, has allowed the country to not only secure itself but also become a global advocate for international cyber norms. Latin America must recognize that without a strong presence in cyberdiplomacy, it will be left out of the decision-making processes that shape global cybersecurity standards and norms. The region could miss the chance to influence policies that protect its own digital interests.
Building cyberdiplomatic capacity in Latin America
Estonia’s success in cyberdiplomacy also comes from its investment in human capital. The country has created a generation of diplomats, legal experts, and cybersecurity professionals who are skilled at navigating the complexities of international cyber governance. Latin America must prioritize the development of such talent. Governments need to offer more educational programs in cybersecurity, international law, and digital diplomacy.
Additionally, more Latin American countries should participate in international cyber forums such as the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) and the Global Forum on Cyber Expertise(GFCE).
Regional cooperation will be vital. Latin American countries have much to gain by forming cyber alliances similar to Estonia’s collaboration with NATO. Initiatives like the Organization of American States (OAS) cybersecurity efforts are a start, but there needs to be a deeper commitment to building regional frameworks that promote information sharing, threat intelligence, and diplomatic coordination.
Lessons in sovereignty and digital rights
One of the most critical areas where Latin America can take inspiration from Estonia is the concept of digital sovereignty. Estonia has been a vocal advocate for digital rights and the protection of privacy.
It has balanced the need for cybersecurity with the importance of maintaining open and democratic internet governance. Latin American countries, many of which face challenges related to authoritarianism and state surveillance, could champion digital rights and data sovereignty on the global stage. By aligning with international norms that respect privacy and freedom of expression, the region can carve out a unique and influential role in cyberdiplomacy.
The future of Latin America’s cyberdiplomacy
Latin America’s journey into the realm of cyberdiplomacy is still in its infancy. However, the region’s digital future depends on how quickly it can adapt to the evolving cyber landscape. The lessons from Estonia are clear: success in the digital age requires more than just technology—it requires strategic vision, regional collaboration, and the political will to invest in cybersecurity. Latin America must move beyond reacting to cyber threats and start proactively shaping the rules of the digital world.
Cyberdiplomacy offers Latin America the opportunity to protect its growing digital economy, enhance regional security, and position itself as a global leader in digital governance. By following Estonia’s lead and committing to a unified cyber strategy, Latin America can ensure that it is not left behind in the race for digital sovereignty and cybersecurity resilience.
